To elucidate the mechanism of protein thermostabilization, the thermodynamic properties of small monomeric proteins from mesophilic and thermophilic organisms have been analyzed. Molecular dynamics simulations were employed in the study of dynamic features of charged and polar side chains of amino acid residues. The basic conclusion has been made: surface charged and polar side chains with high conformational mobility can form alternative hydrogen bonded (H-bonded) donor-acceptor pairs. The correlation between the quantitative content of alternative H-bonds per residue and the temperature of maximal thermostability of proteins has been found. The proposed mechanism of protein thermostabilization suggests continuous disruption of the primary H- bonds and formation of alternative ones, which maintain constant the enthalpy value in the native state and prevent a rapid increase of the conformational entropy with the rising temperature. The analysis of the results show that the more residues located in the N- and C-terminal regions and in the extended loops that are capable of forming alternative longer-range H-bonded pairs, the higher the protein thermostability.